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| Interior
Emulsion Paints |
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Product composition：The soluble
acryl resin which has well weather resistance, alkali resistance
and water proof, cooperating with pigment which able to
bear
the alkali, and the high-quality auxiliary refined into the
emulsion paints for interior wall.
Range of application: It’s applied to the outside
or inside walls of building, hotel, hospital,
department store, restaurant, store, housing, public
places and etc. for protection or ornament.
Characteristic:1.The healthy coating of environmental
protection with
remarkable
quality.
2.The
paint film is pliancy and pleasing, dignity and elegance.
3.Individualized
color is magnificent and soft.
4.The
smell is fresh, simple and elegant, warm and comfortable.
5.Nonpoisonous,
odorless and not pollute the environment.
6.Sense
of touch is smooth and nice; the feeling of the quality is thick.
7.It’s able to well bear the scrub, always keep newly.
8.It’s
easy for manipulation and dry promptly
Color: all kinds of color
Glossiness: without light
Hiding power: above 7.0㎡/L
Weight: above1.2kg/L depend on the color
Viscosity: 80-110Ku (25℃)
Dry time: hand touch within 30 minutes semi-dry
within 2 hours (25℃)
The thickness of paint film: wet film 85μ dry
film 35μ
The theory amount of coating: 45.0-60.0 m2/5L
/ once
The interval of painting: at least 3 hours
The percent of component not volatilize: above
50%
Thinner: water
The thinner dosage: 10%-20% (depend on the painting
method)
Painting method: brush coating, roller coating,
spray coating.
Storage: It is usually five years under the normal
situation.
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| Interior
and exterior flexible emulsion paints |
| |
Product composition：The soluble
acryl resin which has well weather resistance, alkali resistance
and water proof, cooperating with pigment which able to
bear the alkali, and the high-quality auxiliary refined
into the
emulsion paints for interior and exterior wall.
Range of application: It’s applied to the outside
or inside walls of building, hotel, hospital,
department store, restaurant, store, housing, public
places and etc. for protection or ornament.
Characteristic:1.It’s mold and alkali proof
and can well bear scrub.
2.Use
water as thinner and without the odor of organic solvent.
3.With
good quality for climate resistance.
4.Without
lead and hydrargyrum, accord with the standard of environmental
protection
material.
5.The
coating surface is lubricious, beautiful and pretty.
6.Nonpoisonous,
odorless and without social effects of pollution.
7.It’s
easy for manipulation and with good usage.
Color: all kinds of color
Glossiness: with light
Hiding power: above 7.0㎡/L
Weight: above1.2kg/L depend on the color
Viscosity: 80-110Ku(25℃)
Drying time: hand touch within 30 minutes semi-dry
within 1 hours (25℃)
The thickness of paint film: wet film 85μ dry
film 35μ
The theory amount of coating: 45.0-60.0 ㎡/5L
/ one time
The interval of painting: at least 3 hours
The proportion of component not volatilize:
above 50%
Thinner: water
The thinner dosage: 5%-20% (depend on the painting
method)
Painting method: brush coating, roller coating,
spray coating.
Storage: It is usually five years under the
normal situation.
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| Water-based
epoxy resin paints |
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Product composition：Refined from
specialized water-based epoxy resin cooperate with senior
pigment which is chemical resistance. It’s a high performance
two liquid type and water-based epoxy
resin pants combined by main parts
and hardener.
Range of application: It’s applied to the wall
of building, hospital, GMP pharmaceutical
factory, food products factory, electronic factory,
equipment room, restaurant store, housing, public
places and the
cement wall or the compartment board for interior
protection or
decoration.
Characteristic: 1.Use water as thinner
and without the odor of organic solvent.
2.With
strong adhesive power and water-proof
3.With
good quality of acid、alkali and chemical resistance.
4.The
paint film is tenacious with high degree of hardness.
5.It’s
easy for manipulation with long utility time.
Color: All kinds of color
Glossiness: plain light; with light (25-30%)
Hiding power: above 8.0㎡/L (after mixing)
Weight: plain light- above1.2kg/L (after mixing)
with light- above1.0kg/L (after mixing)
Viscosity:75-90Ku(25℃) (after mixing)
Proportioning: plain light-main part: hardener=
4:1 (weight ratio)
With light- main part: hardener= 9:1 (weight
ratio)
Drying time: hand touch within 2hours, full
dry within 24 hours (25℃)
The thickness of paint film: wet film 100μ
dry film 40μ
The theory amount of coating: 35.0㎡/Gal
The interval of painting: at least 12 hours(25℃)
The utility time after mixing: 12 hours(25℃)
The proportion of component not volatilize:
above 45% (after mixing)
Thinner: water
The thinner dosage: 0-10% (depend on the painting
method)
Painting method: brush coating, roller coating,
spray coating.
Storage: It is usually 1 year under the normal
situation.
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| Putty
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Product composition：Refined from
the resin which is water proof and alkali resistance together
with calcium carbonate and senior special additive.
Range of application: To smooth the caulk, crack
and wall of cement building.
Characteristic: 1.Good quality of water
proof.
2.Good
quality of alkali resistance.
3.Easy
for manipulation and sand grind.
4.Nonpoisonous
and accord with the standard of environmental protection
material.
5.It
can integrate with water well.
Operational procedure of interior wall:
1.Pour the water (about 10kg) into a barrel, and then put 1 bag
of putty (0.7kg) into the barrel. Fully mix it till
totally dispersed.
2.Then put 1 bag of calcium carbonate (25kg) into the barrel and
mix it. In order to accord with the viscosity demand
of operator, during the mixing procedure, add appropriate quantity
of water. (calcium carbonate is substitutable for talcum powder)
3.After fully mixing and dispersing, one can use it immediately.
Operational procedure of exterior wall:
1.Pour the water (about 10kg) into a barrel, and then put 1 bag
of putty (0.7kg) into the barrel. Fully mix it till
totally dispersed.
2.Then put 1 bag of calcium carbonate (12.5kg) and half a bag
of white cement (12.5kg )into the barrel and mix it.
In order to accord with the viscosity demand of operator, during
the mixing procedure, add appropriate quantity of water.
(calcium carbonate is substitutable for
talcum powder)
3.After fully mixing and dispersing, one can use it immediately.
Notice:
1.In order to avoid scaling and efflorescence caused by strong
alkalinity, the curing period of cement is usually
2 to 4 weeks.
2.The water content of the wall must be lower than 12%, and then
to work.
3.Avoid working when the temperature is lower than 10℃ and the
relative humidity is larger than 85%.
4.The mixed clay should be use out that day. If not, the surface
of it will lead to skinning.
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| Exterior
Emulsion Paints |
| |
| Product composition：The soluble
acryl resin which has well weather resistance, alkali resistance
and water proof, cooperating with pigment which has
senior
alkali resistance,and the high-quality auxiliary refined into
emulsion
paints for exterior wall.
Range of application: It’s applied to the outside
or inside walls of building, hotel, hospital,
department store, restaurant, store, housing, public
places and etc. for protection or ornament.
Characteristic:1.The appearance is beautiful
and bright, the gloss is lasting.
2.The
paint film is toughness and lubricity, with good quality of
dirt-
proof.
3.Good
quality of weather resistance and anti-ultraviolet ray.
4.With
strong adhesive power and without falling and cracking.
5.Good
quality of water proof, and can protect the building effectively.
6.With
strong hardness and good performance of abrade resistance.
7.It’s
easy for construction and with good operational performance.
Color: all kinds of color
Glossiness: with light
Hiding power: above 7.0㎡/L
Weight: above1.2kg/L depend on the color
Viscosity: 80-110Ku (25℃)
Dry time: hand touch within 30 minutes semi-dry
within 1 hours (25℃)
The thickness of paint film: wet film 80μ dry
film 35μ
The theory amount of coating: 45.0-60.0㎡/5L
/ one time
The interval of painting: at least 3 hours
The proportion of component not volatilize:
above 50%
Thinner: water
The thinner dosage: 5%-15% (depend on the painting
method)
Painting method: brush coating, roller coating,
spray coating.
Storage: It is usually five years under the
normal situation.
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| Significant
Achievements |
| |
| Zhongzheng international
airport（the second stage） |
Railway administration
bureau of Taiwan |
The park and garden tunnel
of Changhua |
Zhongshan University |
| The MuZizi hospital (Republic of
Malawi） |
Zhongshan scientific academy |
The general hospital of TaoYuanrong |
University of Kaohsjung |
| JinLiu tour hotel |
The municipal stadium of Zhongshan |
ShuLi TaoYuan hospital |
Song shan airport |
| The Newly-built project of Ji He
residence |
The municipal art gallery of Taipei |
The home of people in TaoYuan |
The Tainan airport |
| Hao Yu Jing Yuan scientific and technological
corporation |
National scenic spot of Dapeng gluf |
The home of people in Taipei |
Okayama airport |
| The pacific wire and cable corporation
|
Kaohsiung Chengqing lake Ball Park |
Taipei Dunhua national elementary
school |
Pingdong Airport |
| The new project of Shuli Jiayi hospital |
Taipei Yonghe Park |
Luguang Sancun national house |
Hualien Airport |
| The Far East department store (Tainan) |
Taipei Nangang Park |
The Zhonghe Guangfu national elementary
school |
Banqiao Station |
| Taipei Zhongshan Tang Underground
Park |
The park between Taipei city building |
Banqiao Zhongshan elementary school |
Ji jiao Ke te corporation |
| Beautiful magnificent paradise ferris
wheels of Taipei |
Taipei people’s Park |
Taizi Guobao(1st-3rd) |
Huayu science and technology corporation |
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| Henan Zhengzhou Shengda
university |
Land and Resources Bureau
in Dantu new district |
| Runzhou educational building on Dianli
Road |
Public security bureau in Dantu new
district |
| Dagang custom in Zhengjiang new distric |
Bureau of Finance in Dantu new district |
| Dagang Middle school teaching building
inDantu new district |
Traffic bureau in Dantu new district |
| No. 20 middle school of Runzhou educational
Bureau |
Procuratorate in Dantu new district |
| De li xi corporation Zhe jiang China |
The court in Dantu new district |
| Danyang new homestead district |
The administrative building of the
national road 312 |
| Xin ming House developing company
in Dantu new district |
Run zhou educational bureau building
5-7 floor |
| Heng shun House developing company |
Heng shun Hotel |
| Jinhui building in Zhen jiang |
Xi cai yuan Hotel |
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| Hang zhou railway station |
Jin hua driving school |
| Jin hua daily building |
The colligated building of Jin hua
hospital |
| Qu zhou Zi jin building |
The dormitory of Jin hua Tai yang
automobile repairing factory |
| Long you traffic international building |
He bei Xing tai wealth square |
| Wen zhou Cang nan cinema |
Wen zhou Jin shan building |
| Cang nan environmental protectional
building |
The teaching building and dormitory
of He nan Zheng zhou Sheng da university |
| Qu zhou An ju building |
Heng mei building |
| Wu yi 1st Middle school (the 2nd) |
Shang hui middle school |
| Qu zhou xing hua building |
Xin ban central elementary school |
| Qu zhou judicatory building |
The wind wall of Da gang middle school
in Dantu new district |
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| Working
description |
1.Clean the grease, dust, incoherent material
and impurities of the wall which need to be painted,
and dry it.
2.The products should be fully mixed before
use. One can thin it with appropriate amount of water,but
don’t exceed the specified amount.
3.One can entirely paint a primer after the
wall dried, which reached the demand for working.(the
dry time is about 4-6 hours under normal circumstance)
4.One can paint the top coating the primer
has dried. Generally the top coating should be painted
two times or more, and the interval of painting is at least
above 6 hours. The
dry time should be extended, when the working
environment is low temperature and high humidity.
One should ensure that the coating of last time has dried fully.
5.When the work completed, the tools should
be cleaned out by water.
.
Notice
1.The operational field should keep ventilation.
2.One should avoid working when the temperature
below 10℃, the relative humidity larger than 80%,
the wind speed to fast and in wet weather.
3.One should wash the eye by water and send
to the hospital at once, if the paints splashed into
eye. If it splashed on the skin, please scrub it first and then
wash with soap and water.
4.The paints should be stored in the place
that children can’t touch.
5.One should wear respirator and protective
glasses, when doing spray painting or grinding.
6.The surplus coating that not be used out
should be fasten down (To avoid
metamorphosing, don’t put the mixed coating into
it) , and store it in the place that is aeration
and cool. Don’t store it long in low temperature area.
Caused and Prevents of Coating
Deterioration.
|
| Defect |
Phenomenon |
Cause |
Prevent |
| Agglomeration |
Pigment deposit at the
bottom of jug caused setting |
Store time too long |
Adopting the first-in first-out,
don't one too long |
| The viscosity coefficient
of coating is too high |
Control the viscosity
coefficient of the coating |
| Sediment of such
heavy pigment as the red lead ,etc. |
Fully mix it before
use |
| |
Discard it if the
agglomeration too much and can’t mix. |
| Gelation |
Paints turn into mucus
and lose fluidity |
Caused by deposited
too long or the bad condition of store (usually happen
to paints with metal pigments |
Don't store for a
long time, prevent to be exposed to the sun directly.
Don’t store in the place that the temperature is too
high or too low. |
| Use the improper
thinner |
Use the specified
thinner |
| The repellency caused
by mixing different system’s paints |
Avoid mixing the
painting with different system or different manufacturer. |
| Not airproof the pot
well, and caused the rise of volatilizing viscosity |
To thin with thinner
and change the package. |
| The two liquid type
coating exceeds the available time after the mixture |
The amount of mixture
one time is about for half a day’s use |
| The normal thixotropic
of thick paints |
Find out the characteristic
of paints. If it’s thixotropic gel, mix it is ok. |
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Discard the gel if
don’t know the cause of it. |
| Surface crusting
|
The top layer of the paint
is dry to form the phenomenon of covers
|
The dosage of anti-surface
crusting too little or the dosage of desiccant too much. |
Add anti-surface
crusting, and don’t add too much desiccant. |
| The air leaked out
because of the pot cover. |
Deposited in the
airproof pot. |
| Use big pot with
little paint |
Change to small pot,
don’t leave a blank space. |
| |
Get rid of the crusting,
fully mix and filtrate it. Discard it if the crusting
phenomenon is too serious |
|
| Causes and Prevents of Defect
during the painting procedure. |
| Defect |
Phenomenon |
Cause |
Prevent |
| Blushing |
The paint film blanch,
turbid and lose light. |
When air humidity too high, the moisture
in the air coagulated on the face of paint film, caused
this phenomenon. |
Avoid working in the rainy day or
the high humidity circumstance. To dilute it with high
boiling point solvent (anti-blanching water) |
| At the nights for
the dropping of weather, the moisture coagulated on
the face of paint film. |
Avoid working at
nights, cause the oil and epoxy paint dry very late. |
| The temperature of the thing which be
painted is lower than the weather. |
Work after the temperature has risen |
| |
When the humidity
receded spray anti-blushing water, which can clear it
up. |
| After-tack |
The dried paint film shows
adhibited. |
The surface of being
painted has sour alkali component. |
Dispose the face
which has sour alkali of soldering tin and the new cement
face, and then to work |
| Used the solvent
that not volatilize and the paints with bad quality. |
Don’t use the paint
with unidentified component and performance |
| The packing and stacking
of products that not dried enough |
To pack after fully
dried |
| |
Wipe the paint film
off and re-paint it, if it doesn’t dry after a long
time. |
| Orange peeling |
The paint film by spray
coating present orange peeling and accidented. |
The viscosity of
paint is too high, use the thinner with bad dissolve
capability or the dissolve too fast. |
Use the specified
thinner, and do proper thin. |
| The spray tool works
too fast or there is a long distance between the spray
tool and surface of being painted. |
Adjust the speed
of spray tool and the working circumstance. |
| The speed of wind
is too high or the temperature is too high of the surface
being painted. |
Working in proper
climate and circumstance. |
| The paint with bad
quality. |
Use the paint with
good quality. |
| The surface being
painted has been painted. |
To rubdown it with
proper sand paper and then re-paint. |
| cobwebbing |
The paint like silk when
spray coating it. (usually |
The viscosity of
coating is too high. |
Use specified thinner
to adjust the viscosity. |
| The solvent volatilized
to fast. |
Use the lowly volatilized
solvent. |
|
| Pinholing |
There are holes like pin
on the surface of paints. |
There
are dust, lipin , moisture and etc. |
To do
the surface disposal entirely. |
| There is grease and
moisture in the paint. |
Pay attention to
the interfusion of grease and moisture. Discard it,
if it’s too serious |
| The solvent volatilized
to fast. |
Use the lowly volatilized
solvent |
| The bottom paint not dry |
To do the painting of the top after
the bottom has fully dried |
| . |
To re-paint after
rub it by sand paper |
| Sagging |
Some paints of the vertical
side sag to cause sagging thick film like drip. |
Have sprayed
too much for one time. |
Adjust the spraying
amount. |
| The spray tool works
too low or there is a short distance between the spray
tool and surface of being painted. |
Adjust the speed
of spray tool and the working circumstance. |
| The viscosity of
paint is too low |
Avoid excessively
thin it. |
| The upper film of
the lubricious paint film |
To grind the surface
coarse with sand paper |
| The surface already
has sagged |
To grind the sagging
part by sand paper or remove it and repaint. |
|
| Brush Mark |
There are concavo-convex
brush lines left on the paint film along the way the
paintbrush move. |
Used the coarse paintbrush
with short feather |
Use the fine quality
paintbrush with long feather and fluff or to work |
| The paint with bad
quality of fluency. |
Add more thinner
and some solvent with high boiling point |
| The surface of being
painted is too coarse and has strong ability to suck
paints. |
To thin it with the
same paints. And then do a thin painting. |
| With serious phenomena |
To grind it with
sand paper and repaint |
| Stripping |
The solvent of upper paint
filtered into the bottom, caused this phenomena. |
The solvent of the
upper strata paint is too strong, or the bottom cooperates
with the upper paint improperly |
Use the specialized
solvent to avoid superposition of different paints.
And don’t excessively thin it. |
| There is only a short
time between the painting of the bottom and upper. |
To paint the upper
after the bottom has fully dried. |
| Bubbling |
The air mixed in the coating
becomes little bubble in the paints. |
Used the paints after being mixed
and the air bubbles haven’t disappeared yet. |
Don’t do drastic admixture, and use
the mixed paints after the bubbles have disappeared |
| The solvent volatilized too fast, the
temperature of surface being painted is too high. |
Use the low volatilized solvent and
lower the temperature. |
| The viscosity of
coating is too high |
Use specified thinner,
adjust theviscosity, remove it and repaint i |
| Crater
|
The concavo-convex and
holes come into being cause the dispersion of painting |
There is grease、moisture on the surface.
Especially the silicone grease will cause serious crater. |
Get rid of the grease、moisture and
etc. on the surface and then wash out the tool after
finished. Eliminate the moisture in the compressor. |
| The surface being painted is too
lubricious and hard. |
To grind with sand paper or get rid
of the film and repaint. |
|
Delaying
of Drying time |
Paint
didn’t dry or dry slowing in regulated time |
The temperature
is too high or too low or stuffiness of working
place |
Improve the painting
circumstance and make it aeration. |
| There is
moisture or grease on the surface |
To do the
surface disposal entirely. |
| The hardener
dosage for two liquid type paints is deficiency. |
Add the
sufficient hardener according to the specification
and mix it fully. |
| To paint
it too thick. |
To paint
it according to the specification. |
| |
Remove
the paint film and repaint. |
Bleeding |
The color of the
bottom unfreezed by the upper and soak into the
upper paint. |
To paint
the upper on the red pigment, dye or asphaltum
|
To spray
a film with speedy spray tool to volatilize the
solvent. Don’t give the time to the upper to unfreezed
the bottom. |
| To paint
on the bottom that not dried |
To paint
after the bottom has fully dried. |
Sandy |
Cause uneven surface
for the coating sandy is too big. |
Used the
improper thinner.. |
Use the
specified thinner |
| The viscosity
is too high. |
Use the
specified thinner to adjust the viscosity |
| With the
improper spraying pressure. |
Adjust
the pressure of compressor to regulated limit |
| . |
To grind
it with sand paper and then repaint |
| Floating
|
The color shade
of paint is floating
|
The dosage of
thinner is too much or improper. |
Use the specified thinner
and don’t excessively thin it. |
The thickness of film is uneven. |
Don’t use the bad paintbrush
or paint it too thick |
The coating has been unevenly
mixed. |
To mix it fully |
To mix colors unevenly. |
Didn’t fully mix the mixture
of two coatings or more. Or didn’t analyze of
adaptability. |
|
To use the same color coatings
remix it. To repaint after grind it with sand
paper, if have already painted. |
|
| Causes and
Prevents of Defect after the paint film has formed. |
| Defect |
Phenomenon |
Cause |
Prevent |
| Discoloration |
The paint film discolored. |
It’s easy to discolor to use the
organic pigment. |
The light coating should match the
pigment that not discolors. |
| It becomes dark when
the pigment contains lead or copper contact with the
sulfureted hydrogen |
Avoid the use of
pigment contains lead or copper in the place has sulfureted
hydrogen (the thermal spring district). |
| The contact of cement,
putty or chemical articles caused the discoloration. |
Use the paints with
acid & alkali or with leechdom resistance. |
| Already have discolored. |
Use the paints with
leechdom resistance to repaint. |
| Gloss Shitting |
The paint film shows some
with light and some without. |
The bottom is uneven,
which caused some suck the paint and some not. |
To do the painting
once more |
| The thickness of
paint film is uneven. |
To paint evenly. |
| |
To do the painting
once more until it shows evenly, |
| Yellowing |
The paint film of white or tinge
color shows yellowing. |
Used the paint that made from the
tung oil or the linseed oil. Or added too much drier. |
Avoid the use of resin that like
to become yellow when manufacture the paint. And also
control the dosage of drier. |
| Wrinkling |
The paint film shows wrinkling. |
To paint too thick, caused that the
upper dried but the bottom didn’t. |
Avoid painting too thick. |
| The bottom paint
hasn’t dried. |
To do the upper paintings
after the bottom have fully dried. |
| Used too much drier. |
Control the dosage
of drier. |
| Heat the paint film
up or expose it to the sun, in order to advance the
drying. |
Avoid heat it up
rapidly |
| The paint films already
have wrinkled. |
To repaint after
grind it or remove it. |
| Bubbling |
The paint film shows bubbling. |
There is moisture
or wet substance on the surface or there is moisture
on the painting tools. |
To do the surface
disposal thoroughly and the painting tools. |
| The continuous use
of thick coating. |
To work according
to the specified interval time. |
| |
Remove the bubbling
film and repaint. |
| Pulverization
|
The surface of the film
shows powder film.
|
Used the easy pulverized
resin pigments or the filling material been used too
much. |
Use the paint that
made by no pulverization resin pigments. |
| Used the too much
coating. |
Don’t thin the coating
too much. |
| The paint films have
already pulverized. |
To grind it with
sand paper and repaint. |
| Frosting |
The surface shows the film
like frost |
Worked under high
humidity circumstances or with the existence of chemical
articles |
To make it ventilate
thoroughly, and reduce the thickness of chemical articles
in the air. |
| The paint film already
shows frost film. |
To grind it with
sand paper and repaint. |
| Clouding |
The paint film without
light |
The status of the
underside is uneven. |
To do the surface
disposal and do double painting. |
| The paint film is
too thin or uneven |
Don’t thin the coating
too much and then do evenly painting. |
| Stripping |
The underside with the
film or between the films shows stripping. |
There is grease,
moisture or rust on the surface being painted. |
To do surface disposal
thoroughly. |
| The underside paints
exposed and hardened too much. |
To paint within the
specified interval time. |
| The improper conjugation
between the upper and bottom. |
Avoid doing the double
painting of different system or different brand coating. |
| The mixture of different
coating. |
Avoid the mixture
of different system or brand coating. |
| To paint on the wet
woods or the woods that sucked moisture on its backside.
|
Chose the dry woods
and don’t do single side painting. |
| To paint on the too
much lubricious surface of metal. |
To coarse it with
sand paper and then to work. |
| |
Remove the stripping
film and repaint. |
| Rusting |
Show rusting |
The improper disposal
of the surface. |
To do surface disposal
thoroughly, and get rid of the black skin, rust, moisture
and others |
| The performance of
the coating is bad. |
Chose high-performance
products. |
| The thickness of
the paint film is deficiency or the improper working |
To working according
to the specified thickness. Avoid the miss of painting. |
| |
Remove the paint
film; redo the surface disposal and paint. |
| Cracking
|
There is crack and rift
on the film surface
|
The paint film is
too thick. |
Avoid paint it too
thick. |
| The bottom film hasn’t dried. |
To do the upper painting after the
bottom has fully dried. |
| The improper conjugation the upper
and bottom. |
Avoid the double painting of different
coating |
| The rapid decline of temperature |
Stop working when the temperature
decline rapidly. |
| The cracking has already come into
being |
Get rid of the cracking and repaint |
|
|
|
|
